聞いたことがあるかもしれませんが、 動詞の活用がない 中国語で。では、過去に起こったことについて中国語でどのように話すのでしょうか？ 相粒子 过 (guò) is one part of the answer to this question.

过 (guo) is used to talk about something that you have done or experienced before. To use it, employ the following structure:

Subject + Verb + 过 + Object

具体的な例を挙げますと、以下の通りです。

上記の例では、 过 (guo) is used to explain that the speaker has been to France before. Note that the sentence does not provide any information about when exactly the speaker went to France, nor does it tell us how many times the speaker made the trip. All we know from the sentence is that the speaker has had the experience of going to France at least once at some time in the past.

While the English sentence above contains the conjugated verbs “have” and “been” as well as the word “before,” all these different elements are not necessary in Chinese. 过 (guo) serves the same purpose as all three of these English words combined.

过 (guo) is also frequently used as part of a question. It’s a handy word to use if you want to know whether or not someone has ever done something before.

具体的な例を挙げますと、以下の通りです。

In the question above, 过 (guo) is used to ask whether you’ve ever had the experience of eating Chinese food.

Let’s say, for the sake of argument, that you’ve never eaten Chinese food. Well then, you’ll need to know how to use 过 (guo) in the negative. To do so, make use of the following structure:

主題 + 没 + Verb + 过 + Object

具体的な例を挙げますと、以下の通りです。

In the sentence above, 过 (guo) can be translated as “never” and is used to explain that the speaker has never had the experience in question, namely, eating Chinese food.

別の例を見てみましょう。

In the sentence above, 过 (guo) is used to explain that the speaker has never had the experience of leaving home before.

おそらく、あなたはすでに2つの単語が使われていることを知っているでしょう。 文を否定する in Mandarin: 没 (méi）と 不 (bù). Note that when talking in the negative about past experiences with 过 (guo), you should always use 没 (méi）、 ない 不 (bù). The two are not interchangeable.

虽然...但是 (suīrán...dànshì) is a very useful and common grammatical pattern in Mandarin Chinese. It is similar to “although” or “even though” in English.

英語と同様に、これは通常、少なくとも 2 つの節で構成される文の一部として使用され、最初の節では状況が導入され、2 番目の節では最初の節と何らかの矛盾があるか、一見矛盾しているように見える内容が表現されます。

When writing sentences with the word “although” in English, the second clause does not need to begin with “but.” In Chinese, however, the second clause in sentences that feature 虽然 (suīrán) must be introduced with 但是 (dànshì; but). It’s important to pay attention to this major difference between English and Chinese.

注意してください 可是 (kěshì; but) is also sometimes used in place of 但是 (dànshì).

Let’s look at an example to learn how to use 虽然...但是 (suīrán...dànshì) in a sentence:

In the example above, the first part of the sentence starts with 虽然 (suīrán) and sets the stage for the rest of the sentence by introducing the fact that Mrs. Zhao is very nice.

In the next clause, 但是 (dànshì) is used to introduce a fact that is somewhat contradictory to the situation presented in the first clause. Normally, we would expect a nice person to make others feel at ease, but in this case, the speaker still feels nervous in spite of Mrs. Zhao’s niceness.

別の例を見てみましょう。

ここでは、最初の節で、文の主語が非常に若いという事実が紹介されています。そして、文の後半では、主語が非常に若いという事実とは対照的に、主語がすでに自分の会社を所有しているという事実が予想外の事実として提示されています。

なお、 虽然 (suīrán) in this example does not come at the very beginning of the first clause. This example demonstrates that it is possible for 虽然 (suīrán) to come either at the beginning of the first clause before the subject, or, as in this case, after the subject.

While the position of 虽然 (suīrán) can be adjusted without changing the meaning of the sentence in which it is used, it isn’t possible to change the position of 但是 (dànshì), which must always come at the beginning of the second clause, right after the comma.

In Chinese, degree complements (程度补语 chéngdù bǔyǔ) are used to modify, or describe the degree, extent or quality of verbs and adjectives. In this grammar point, we will focus on using degree complements with verbs.

程度補語は動詞とともに使用される場合、動詞が表す動作の質について話す方法を表します。また、動詞によって表される動作がどの程度うまく、または不十分に行われたかを説明するためにも使用されます。

動詞の後で使用される場合、程度補語は次のパターンに従います。

Subject + Verb + 得 + Degree Complement

Beginning students may assume that 得 (de) itself is the degree complement, but this is not the case. In fact, 得 (de) is what is called a structural particle, and it has several different grammatical functions in Chinese. Linking verbs with their degree complements is just one of these functions.

では、程度補語とは何でしょうか? 通常、程度補語は副詞と形容詞の両方から構成される説明的なフレーズです。

以下に、よく見られる程度の補足のリストを示します。

• 很好 (hěn hǎo): very good; combination of the adverb 很 そして形容詞 好)
• 很不错 (hěn bùcuò): very nice, not bad; combination of 很 (adv.) and 不错 （調整）
• 还可以 (hái kěyǐ): not bad; combination of 还 (adv.) and 可以 （調整）
• 非常差 (fēicháng chà): very poor; combination of 非常 (adv.) and 差 （調整）
• 很漂亮 (hěn piàoliang): very beautiful, brilliant; combination of 很 (adv.) and 漂亮 （調整）
• 很快 (hěn kuài): very fast; combination of 很 (adv.) and 快 （調整）

これらのフレーズの使い方を確認するために、簡単な例を見てみましょう。

In the sentence above, 你 (nǐ; you) is the subject. 很好 (hěn hǎo; very good) is the degree complement, and it tells us how well the subject did the action described by the verb 做 (zuò; to do).

粒子 得 (de) connects the verb and the degree complement 很好 (hěn hǎo), letting us know that the person in the sentence did something very well.

次の例にも同じパターンが見られます。

Here, the degree complement 很不错 (hěn bùcuò; very good) modifies the verb 写 (xiě; to write) and works to tell readers how well the article was written.

上記の例は比較的わかりやすいですが、文中に程度補語とともに目的語を含めようとすると、状況はより複雑になります。これは、中国語では動詞の後に目的語と程度補語の両方が来るのは適切ではないためです。

文が動詞と程度補語で終わるようにするには、文の中で目的語が動詞の前に来るようにする 2 つの文法戦略のいずれかを使用する必要があります。1 つの戦略では目的語を動詞の前に置くこと、もう 1 つの戦略では動詞を繰り返すことです。

たとえば、ある人が英語を上手に話すと言いたいとします。この文は 2 通りの言い方があります。

In the two examples above, 英文 (Yīngwén) is the object. In English, we would normally place the object after the verb “speak,” as in “You speak English very well.” In Chinese, however, only 得 (dé) and the degree complement can come after the verb, so the object must be moved to the front using one of our aforementioned grammatical strategies.

In example 1 above, the object 英文 (Yīngwén) comes before the verb 说 (shuō). In example 2, the verb 说 (shuō) is repeated. Even though the grammar is different, the meaning of both sentences is the same.

中国語を学び続けると、いくつかの動詞があることに気づくでしょう。 分離可能な動詞, which are made up of both a verb part and an object part. Some verbs that you may have already learned, such as 睡觉 (shuìjiào; to sleep), actually fall into this special category.

これらの特殊動詞については後で詳しく学ぶので、今は詳しく心配する必要はありません。現時点で知っておく必要があるのは、初心者にとっては混乱を招くかもしれませんが、これらの分離可能な動詞の動詞部分は、程度補語と一緒に使用されるときにも繰り返されるということです。

具体的な例を挙げますと、以下の通りです。

この例では、 起 (qǐ) part of the separable verb 起床 (qǐchuáng; to get up; to get out of bed) repeats in order to ensure that 床 (chuáng), the object part of the verb, does not come after the verb in the sentence.