你可能听说过，中文没有动词变位。那么，用普通话该怎么说过去发生的事呢？动态助词 过（guò）是这个问题答案的一部分。

过 (guo) is used to talk about something that you have done or experienced before. To use it, employ the following structure:

Subject + Verb + 过 + Object

例如：

在上面的示例中， 过 (guo) is used to explain that the speaker has been to France before. Note that the sentence does not provide any information about when exactly the speaker went to France, nor does it tell us how many times the speaker made the trip. All we know from the sentence is that the speaker has had the experience of going to France at least once at some time in the past.

While the English sentence above contains the conjugated verbs “have” and “been” as well as the word “before,” all these different elements are not necessary in Chinese. 过 (guo) serves the same purpose as all three of these English words combined.

过 (guo) is also frequently used as part of a question. It’s a handy word to use if you want to know whether or not someone has ever done something before.

例如：

In the question above, 过 (guo) is used to ask whether you’ve ever had the experience of eating Chinese food.

Let’s say, for the sake of argument, that you’ve never eaten Chinese food. Well then, you’ll need to know how to use 过 (guo) in the negative. To do so, make use of the following structure:

主题 + 没 + Verb + 过 + Object

例如：

In the sentence above, 过 (guo) can be translated as “never” and is used to explain that the speaker has never had the experience in question, namely, eating Chinese food.

我们再看一个例子：

In the sentence above, 过 (guo) is used to explain that the speaker has never had the experience of leaving home before.

您可能已经知道有两个词用于 否定一个句子 in Mandarin: 没 (méi) 以及 不 (bù). Note that when talking in the negative about past experiences with 过 (guo), you should always use 没 (méi）， 不是 不 (bù). The two are not interchangeable.

虽然...但是 (suīrán...dànshì) is a very useful and common grammatical pattern in Mandarin Chinese. It is similar to “although” or “even though” in English.

与英语一样，它通常用作由至少两个子句组成的句子的一部分，其中第一个子句介绍一种情况，第二个子句表达与第一个子句有某种矛盾或看似冲突的东西。

When writing sentences with the word “although” in English, the second clause does not need to begin with “but.” In Chinese, however, the second clause in sentences that feature 虽然 (suīrán) must be introduced with 但是 (dànshì; but). It’s important to pay attention to this major difference between English and Chinese.

需要注意的是 可是 (kěshì; but) is also sometimes used in place of 但是 (dànshì).

Let’s look at an example to learn how to use 虽然...但是 (suīrán...dànshì) in a sentence:

In the example above, the first part of the sentence starts with 虽然 (suīrán) and sets the stage for the rest of the sentence by introducing the fact that Mrs. Zhao is very nice.

In the next clause, 但是 (dànshì) is used to introduce a fact that is somewhat contradictory to the situation presented in the first clause. Normally, we would expect a nice person to make others feel at ease, but in this case, the speaker still feels nervous in spite of Mrs. Zhao’s niceness.

我们再看一个例子：

在这里，第一个从句介绍了句子的主语非常年轻的事实。 然后，在句子的后半部分，主体已经拥有自己的公司这一事实被呈现为一个意想不到的事实，与主体非常年轻的事实形成鲜明对比。

请注意 虽然 (suīrán) in this example does not come at the very beginning of the first clause. This example demonstrates that it is possible for 虽然 (suīrán) to come either at the beginning of the first clause before the subject, or, as in this case, after the subject.

虽然立场 虽然 (suīrán) can be adjusted without changing the meaning of the sentence in which it is used, it isn’t possible to change the position of 但是 (dànshì), which must always come at the beginning of the second clause, right after the comma.

In Chinese, degree complements (程度补语 chéngdù bǔyǔ) are used to modify, or describe the degree, extent or quality of verbs and adjectives. In this grammar point, we will focus on using degree complements with verbs.

当与动词一起使用时，程度补语代表了一种谈论动词描述的动作质量的方式。 它们还用于描述动词表达的动作做得好或坏。

当在动词后使用时，程度补语遵循以下模式：

Subject + Verb + 得 + Degree Complement

Beginning students may assume that 得 (de) itself is the degree complement, but this is not the case. In fact, 得 (de) is what is called a structural particle, and it has several different grammatical functions in Chinese. Linking verbs with their degree complements is just one of these functions.

那么什么是学位补语？ 通常，它们是描述性短语，最常见的是由副词和形容词组成。

以下是一些常见的学位补语列表：

• 很好 (hěn hǎo): very good; combination of the adverb 很 以及形容词 好)
• 很不错 (hěn bùcuò): very nice, not bad; combination of 很 (adv.) and 不错 （形容词）
• 还可以 (hái kěyǐ): not bad; combination of 还 (adv.) and 可以 （形容词）
• 非常差 (fēicháng chà): very poor; combination of 非常 (adv.) and 差 （形容词）
• 很漂亮 (hěn piàoliang): very beautiful, brilliant; combination of 很 (adv.) and 漂亮 （形容词）
• 很快 (hěn kuài): very fast; combination of 很 (adv.) and 快 （形容词）

让我们看一个简单的例子，看看如何使用这些短语：

In the sentence above, 你 (nǐ; you) is the subject. 很好 (hěn hǎo; very good) is the degree complement, and it tells us how well the subject did the action described by the verb 做 (zuò; to do).

The particle 得 (de) connects the verb and the degree complement 很好 (hěn hǎo), letting us know that the person in the sentence did something very well.

在以下示例中可以看到相同的模式：

Here, the degree complement 很不错 (hěn bùcuò; very good) modifies the verb 写 (xiě; to write) and works to tell readers how well the article was written.

上面的例子相对简单，但如果你尝试在句子中包含一个对象以及你的学位补语，事情就会变得更加棘手。 这是因为汉语动词后面不能同时出现宾语和度补语。

为确保您的句子以动词加度补语结尾，有必要使用两种语法策略之一来确保宾语出现在句子中的动词之前。 一种策略涉及将宾语放在动词前面，而另一种策略涉及重复动词。

例如，假设我们想说某人英语说得很好。 我们可以用两种不同的方式说这个句子：

In the two examples above, 英文 (Yīngwén) is the object. In English, we would normally place the object after the verb “speak,” as in “You speak English very well.” In Chinese, however, only 得 (dé) and the degree complement can come after the verb, so the object must be moved to the front using one of our aforementioned grammatical strategies.

In example 1 above, the object 英文 (Yīngwén) comes before the verb 说 (shuō). In example 2, the verb 说 (shuō) is repeated. Even though the grammar is different, the meaning of both sentences is the same.

随着你继续学习中文，你会发现有一些动词，叫做 可分动词, which are made up of both a verb part and an object part. Some verbs that you may have already learned, such as 睡觉 (shuìjiào; to sleep), actually fall into this special category.

现在不要太担心这些特殊动词的来龙去脉，因为稍后您将了解更多有关它们的信息。 现在你需要知道的是，对于一些初学者来说，这些可分离动词的动词部分在与程度补语一起使用时也会重复。

例如：

在这个例子中， 起 (qǐ) part of the separable verb 起床 (qǐchuáng; to get up; to get out of bed) repeats in order to ensure that 床 (chuáng), the object part of the verb, does not come after the verb in the sentence.