- Xi'an (西安, Xī'ān) is one of China's most historically significant cities, having served as the national capital for approximately 13 dynasties over more than a thousand years.
- The city is home to the Terracotta Army, a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the most important archaeological discoveries of the 20th century.
- Xi'an's food scene — from roujiamo to biangbiang noodles — reflects centuries of Silk Road cultural exchange and is one of the best reasons to visit.
- For Chinese learners, Xi'an is a place where history, language, and everyday culture come together in ways that deepen your understanding of China — making it one of the most rewarding destinations for anyone looking to learn Chinese in China or explore the country's history in depth.
Xi'an is one of those rare cities where nearly every street corner tells a story. Once known as Chang'an (长安, Cháng'ān) — a name meaning "Eternal Peace" — it served as the capital of ancient China for over a millennium and was once one of the largest, most cosmopolitan cities in the world.
Today, Xi'an is the capital of Shaanxi Province and home to more than 13 million people. Although it is a modern Chinese city with a high-speed rail network, a growing tech sector, and a lively university scene, what draws most visitors is the sheer depth of history layered into everyday life — from the silent rows of the Terracotta Army to the sizzling lamb skewers of the Muslim Quarter.
For anyone learning Chinese , Xi'an offers something especially valuable: a chance to experience the culture, food, and history you've been reading about in a place where it all feels vivid and real. Before planning a trip, visitors should also check out the latest China visa-free travel guide . Read on for everything you need to know.
01 A Brief History of Xi'an
To understand Xi'an, it helps to know just how central this city has been to Chinese civilization.
Prehistoric Roots
Xi'an sits on the Guanzhong Plain in central Shaanxi Province. Humans have lived in the area for thousands of years — Neolithic remains dating back roughly 6,000 years have been found at the nearby Banpo archaeological site, and fossils of early hominids were discovered in Lantian County, just outside the city.
An Imperial Capital
The city's recorded political history begins around the 11th century BCE, when the Western Zhou dynasty established its capital in the area. Over the centuries that followed, approximately 13 dynasties chose Xi'an — or its predecessor, Chang'an — as their seat of power. Among them were some of the most influential periods in Chinese history: the Qin, the Western Han, the Sui, and the Tang. In addition, the city served as the capital during the turbulent Sixteen Kingdoms era (304–439 CE), when several non-Chinese rulers chose Chang'an as their base of power.
The Tang Dynasty Golden Age
During the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE), Chang'an was arguably the most important city in the world. With a population that may have exceeded one million, it was a thriving center of trade, art, religion, and diplomacy. Moreover, it served as the eastern starting point of the Silk Road (丝绸之路, Sīchóu zhī Lù), the vast network of trade routes that connected China with Central Asia, the Middle East, and beyond.
From Chang'an to Xi'an
The name Xi'an (西安, Xī'ān), meaning "Western Peace," was adopted in 1369 during the Ming Dynasty. Along with Beijing, Nanjing, and Luoyang, Xi'an is recognized as one of China's Four Great Ancient Capitals (四大古都, Sì Dà Gǔdū). For a broader look at China's imperial past, our Chinese history hub covers all the major dynasties and periods.
Be careful not to confuse Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī) with neighboring Shanxi (山西, Shānxī). Although they sound similar in English and even share the same pinyin romanization tone pattern, they are different provinces. The doubled "a" in Shaanxi is a convention used specifically to distinguish it in English.
02 Top Things to See and Do in Xi'an
Xi'an has enough to fill a week, but most travelers spend two to four days in the city. Below are the highlights no visitor should miss.
The Terracotta Army (兵马俑, Bīngmǎyǒng)
For most visitors, the Terracotta Army is the reason to come to Xi'an — and it lives up to the anticipation.
In 1974, local farmers digging a well near Lintong County stumbled upon fragments of terracotta and bronze arrowheads. As it turned out, they had uncovered one of the most remarkable archaeological finds of the 20th century: a vast underground army built to guard the tomb of Qin Shi Huang (秦始皇, Qín Shǐhuáng), the first emperor to unify China.
Estimates suggest the three excavation pits hold more than 8,000 soldiers, 130 chariots with 520 horses, and 150 cavalry horses, although the majority remain buried. So far, around 2,000 figures have been unearthed. In addition, each warrior has unique facial features; scholars have identified eight or more base facial forms that were then individually sculpted to give every figure its own appearance. Notably, the warriors were originally painted in bright colors, but the paint faded upon exposure to air during early excavations.
The site was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987. It is also often informally called the "Eighth Wonder of the World," though that title has no official standing.
The Terracotta Army Museum is located about 40 km (25 miles) east of Xi'an's city center. You can get there by tourist shuttle bus from near the Bell Tower metro station, by metro (Line 9 to Huaqing Station, then a local bus), or by taxi/Didi (roughly 60–100 CNY one way, about one hour). Be sure to book tickets in advance and bring your passport, since real-name authentication is required.
The Ancient City Wall (城墙, Chéngqiáng)
Xi'an's City Wall is one of the best-preserved and most complete ancient city walls in China. Although the current structure dates primarily to the Ming Dynasty — construction began in 1370 under Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang — it was built on earlier Tang Dynasty foundations.
Stretching approximately 13.7 kilometers (8.5 miles) around the old city center, the wall stands about 12 meters tall and is 12 to 14 meters wide at the top. As a result, it is wide enough for a comfortable bike ride. A deep moat surrounds the entire perimeter as well.
Cycling the full loop is one of Xi'an's most popular and memorable activities. Bike rental is available at several gates, and single bikes cost approximately ¥45 for three hours. Consequently, most riders take about 1.5 to 2 hours to complete the circuit, with plenty of chances to stop and enjoy views of both the old city and the modern skyline beyond the wall.
The South Gate (Yongning Gate, 永宁门) is the most popular starting point. Hours run roughly from 8:00 AM to 10:00 PM, though they may vary by season and gate. Late afternoon and sunset rides are especially scenic.
The Muslim Quarter (回民街, Huímín Jiē)
The Muslim Quarter is Xi'an's most famous food and cultural district — and for good reason. Rather than a single street, it is a sprawling network of alleys centered around Beiyuanmen Street, just behind the Drum Tower.
Historically, the neighborhood traces its origins to the Tang Dynasty, when Arab and Persian merchants traveled the Silk Road and settled in Chang'an. Over time, their descendants became the Hui people (回族, Huízú), China's largest Muslim ethnic group. Today, the quarter is home to a thriving Hui community, with approximately 10 mosques, centuries-old courtyard homes, and an extraordinary concentration of food stalls and restaurants.
At the heart of the quarter sits the Great Mosque of Xi'an (西安大清真寺, Xī'ān Dà Qīngzhēnsì), one of the oldest and largest mosques in China. Founded during the Tang Dynasty and later expanded during the Ming Dynasty, it blends traditional Chinese garden and temple architecture with Islamic religious function. As a result, many first-time visitors are surprised by its distinctive Sino-Islamic style.
In general, the Muslim Quarter is best experienced by wandering. Start at Beiyuanmen for the main food street, then explore quieter side alleys like Xiyangshi, Dapiyuan, and Huajue Lane for better prices and a more local atmosphere.
The quarter is busiest in the evenings and on weekends. For a less crowded experience, visit in the morning or on a weekday. Most vendors accept mobile payment, but it is still handy to carry small bills as backup.
Big Wild Goose Pagoda (大雁塔, Dàyàn Tǎ)
One of Xi'an's most recognizable landmarks, the Big Wild Goose Pagoda was originally built in 652 CE during the Tang Dynasty. It was constructed to house Buddhist scriptures and figurines brought back from India by the monk Xuanzang (玄奘, Xuánzàng), a historical figure who later inspired the beloved Chinese novel Journey to the West (西游记, Xīyóu Jì).
Located within the Da Ci'en Temple complex in the southern part of the city, the pagoda is surrounded by gardens, sculptures, and a musical fountain on its north square. In the evenings, that fountain area draws particularly large crowds.
Calligraphy Street (书院门, Shūyuàn Mén)
Xi'an is traditionally a calligraphy city, and nowhere is this more evident than on Shuyuan Main Street — known locally as "Calligraphy Street." Lined with more than 100 shops, the street offers a living showcase of Chinese calligraphy, ancient seals, stone inscriptions, and other traditional handicrafts. Meanwhile, the nearby Tang Bo Art Museum is another excellent stop for travelers who want to explore the broader art form. Because the street runs just south of the City Wall near the South Gate, it is easy to pair with a wall visit.
Bell Tower and Drum Tower (钟楼、鼓楼， Zhōnglóu，Gǔlóu)
Standing at the heart of Xi'an's old city, the Bell Tower and Drum Tower are just a short walk from each other. Both date to the Ming Dynasty — the Bell Tower was built in 1384 and the Drum Tower in 1380 — and together they served as the city's timekeeping system: the bell was struck at dawn and the drum was beaten at dusk.
Today, the towers are popular landmarks and the area around them is a busy commercial and transit hub. In particular, Bell Tower is one of the main metro interchange stations, so it makes a natural starting point for exploring the city center.
Shaanxi History Museum (陕西历史博物馆, Shǎnxī Lìshǐ Bówùguǎn)
Widely considered one of China's premier museums, the Shaanxi History Museum houses collections spanning prehistoric times through the Qing Dynasty. Highlights include bronze vessels, Tang Dynasty gold and silver work, jade artifacts, and ancient pottery.
English-language signage inside the museum is limited, so an audio guide is strongly recommended and available for rent at the entrance. Free admission tickets are available, but they often run out early. Therefore, arrive in the morning or book online in advance.
Day Trip: Mount Hua (华山, Huà Shān)
For travelers with an extra day, Mount Hua is one of China's Five Sacred Taoist Mountains and is located about 120 kilometers east of Xi'an. It is famous for its dramatic granite peaks, steep cliffside trails, and breathtaking views. Moreover, the mountain is easily accessible by high-speed train (about 30 minutes to Huashan North Station) or by bus.
While Mount Hua is a serious hike — some sections involve chains bolted into near-vertical rock faces — cable cars are also available for those who prefer a less strenuous ascent.
03 What to Eat in Xi'an
Xi'an's food culture is one of the richest in China, shaped by centuries of Silk Road exchange and the culinary traditions of the local Hui Muslim community. As a result, lamb, beef, wheat-based noodles and breads, and bold spices like cumin and chili dominate the local palate. Below are the dishes you should not leave Xi'an without trying.
Roujiamo (肉夹馍, Ròujiāmó)
Often called "China's hamburger," roujiamo is a crispy, golden-baked flatbread stuffed with tender braised meat — usually pork in the Han Chinese version or beef and lamb in the Hui Muslim version. It is one of Xi'an's most iconic street foods and makes an excellent on-the-go meal.
Yangrou Paomo (羊肉泡馍, Yángròu Pàomó)
This hearty lamb soup is one of Shaanxi's most beloved comfort foods. To eat it, diners tear a round piece of unleavened bread into small pieces by hand, and then the bread is added to a rich lamb broth with tender meat and glass noodles. Interestingly, the tearing process is part of the experience, and locals take it seriously. In fact, smaller pieces are considered better.
Biangbiang Noodles (biángbiáng面, Biángbiáng Miàn)
These thick, hand-pulled belt noodles are a Shaanxi specialty known for their satisfying chewiness. Typically served with chili oil, garlic, and vinegar, they get their name from the sound the dough makes when it is slapped against the counter during preparation. In fact, the character for "biang" is famously one of the most complex characters in Chinese — with over 50 strokes — though it does not appear in standard dictionaries.
Liangpi (凉皮, Liángpí)
A refreshing cold noodle dish made from wheat or rice starch, liangpi is dressed with chili oil, vinegar, and fresh vegetables. Although it is popular year-round, it is especially welcome in Xi'an's hot summers.
Lamb Skewers (羊肉串, Yángròu Chuàn)
Grilled lamb skewers seasoned with cumin, chili flakes, and salt are everywhere in the Muslim Quarter. Without a doubt, the smoky, spicy aroma is one of Xi'an's signature sensory experiences.
More to Try
Other local favorites include soup dumplings (灌汤包, guàntāngbāo) — especially the famous Jiasan shop in the Muslim Quarter — persimmon cakes (柿子饼, shìzibǐng), and freshly squeezed pomegranate juice, a seasonal treat from September through November. If you're vegetarian, make sure to brush up on some key Mandarin phrases for vegetarians before you go. Additionally, for more on Chinese dining customs, our guide to the history of chopsticks offers a fascinating window into this tradition.
04 Practical Travel Tips
Best Time to Visit
Xi'an has four distinct seasons. Generally, the most comfortable times to visit are spring (March–May) and autumn (September–November), when temperatures are mild and the skies are clear. Summers can be intensely hot, with highs regularly exceeding 35°C (95°F). By contrast, winters are cold, with temperatures occasionally dropping below freezing, though a dusting of snow on the City Wall and pagodas creates memorable scenery.
| Season | Temperature Range | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Spring (Mar–May) | 10–25°C (50–77°F) | Ideal for sightseeing; occasional dust in March |
| Summer (Jun–Aug) | 26–39°C (79–102°F) | Very hot; plan outdoor activities for mornings or evenings |
| Autumn (Sep–Nov) | 15–25°C (59–77°F) | Peak season; best weather and golden foliage |
| Winter (Dec–Feb) | -5–8°C (23–46°F) | Cold but less crowded; beautiful snow scenes |
Getting to Xi'an
Xi'an is well-connected by both air and rail. Xi'an Xianyang International Airport (XIY) serves domestic and international flights, while the city is also a major stop on China's high-speed rail network. For example, the journey from Beijing takes roughly 4 to 5 hours, and Shanghai is about 6 hours away.
Most high-speed trains arrive at Xi'an North Railway Station (西安北站, Xī'ān Běi Zhàn), which connects to the city center via metro.
Getting Around
Xi'an's metro system is modern and easy to use, with several lines connecting most major attractions. Taxis and ride-hailing through Didi (滴滴, Dīdī) are also affordable and convenient. For exploring the area within the City Wall, however, walking is often the best option, since the walled old city is compact enough to cover on foot.
Where to Stay
The area around the Bell Tower and Drum Tower is the most popular choice for visitors because it offers easy access to the Muslim Quarter, the City Wall, and major metro lines. Alternatively, the neighborhood near the Big Wild Goose Pagoda is another good option, with more modern hotels and a slightly quieter atmosphere.
Language Tips
Standard Mandarin (普通话, Pǔtōnghuà) works perfectly well throughout Xi'an. While the local dialect — Guanzhong (关中话, Guānzhōng huà) — is a variety of Central Plains Mandarin with its own distinctive tones and vocabulary, younger residents and anyone in the tourism industry will communicate in Standard Mandarin without difficulty. English signage is available at major attractions and metro stations, though it becomes less common off the beaten path.
Even so, having basic Chinese makes a noticeable difference in Xi'an. Being able to order food, ask for directions, or read a menu turns a good trip into a much richer one.
Hanfu Culture in Xi'an
Visitors to Xi'an will quickly notice locals and tourists alike dressed in Hanfu clothing — the flowing robes and layered garments that many regard as the authentic Chinese national costume. Because the style has deep roots in Xi'an stretching back to the Han Dynasty, the city has become one of the best places in China to see Hanfu worn in everyday settings. In addition, rental shops near the City Wall and Big Wild Goose Pagoda offer visitors the chance to dress up and explore Xi'an's historic sites in period-appropriate attire.
05 Xi'an for Chinese Learners
If you are studying Chinese, visiting Xi'an is more than a vacation — it is a chance to bring your studies to life.
Where History Comes Alive
The city is a living textbook of Chinese history. The dynasties you have read about in class — the Qin, the Han, the Tang — all had their capital here. Similarly, the Silk Road, one of the most important concepts in Chinese history , started here. The food, architecture, and street life of the Muslim Quarter, meanwhile, offer a vivid example of how China's cultural diversity has shaped everyday life for centuries.
Practice Your Mandarin
Xi'an is also a wonderful place to practice your Mandarin. Although major tourist sites have some English signage, much of the city operates primarily in Chinese. As a result, ordering a bowl of yangrou paomo, bargaining at a market stall, or asking a local for directions to the City Wall are all real opportunities to use the language you are learning.
For learners who want to take their Chinese further, structured one-on-one instruction can help you build a stronger foundation and make the most of experiences like these.
Study Chinese in Guilin or Start Online
CLI offers personalized Chinese instruction built around your goals. Join our Immersion Program in Guilin or begin from anywhere with a free Chinese lesson .
06 Useful Xi'an Vocabulary
The following vocabulary will help you navigate Xi'an's streets, menus, and attractions with more confidence.
| Chinese | Pinyin | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| 西安 | Xi'an (city name; "Western Peace") | |
| 长安 | Chang'an (ancient name; "Eternal Peace") | |
| 陕西 | Shaanxi Province | |
| 兵马俑 | Terracotta Army | |
| 秦始皇 | Qin Shi Huang (first emperor of unified China) | |
| 城墙 | city wall | |
| 回民街 | Muslim Quarter | |
| 回族 | Hui ethnic group | |
| 清真寺 | mosque | |
| 大雁塔 | Big Wild Goose Pagoda | |
| 钟楼 | Bell Tower | |
| 鼓楼 | Drum Tower | |
| 华山 | Mount Hua | |
| 丝绸之路 | Silk Road | |
| 肉夹馍 | roujiamo ("Chinese hamburger") | |
| 羊肉泡馍 | bread soaked in lamb soup | |
| 凉皮 | cold skin noodles | |
| 羊肉串 | lamb skewers | |
| 灌汤包 | soup dumplings | |
| 普通话 | Standard Mandarin | |
| 方言 | dialect | |
| 滴滴 | Didi (ride-hailing app) | |
| 地铁 | metro / subway | |
| 博物馆 | museum | |
| 好吃 | delicious |
07 Plan Your Visit
Xi'an is an unforgettable travel destination, and it's easy to see why. Its layered history, vibrant food culture, and living traditions make it one of the best places in China to experience the depth of Chinese civilization firsthand. If you still haven't gotten your fill of traditional Chinese culture after visiting Xi'an, consider a trip to Hangzhou or neighboring Suzhou, two other magnificent ancient cities where history and modernity continue to meet in fascinating ways.